Habil & Qabil هابيل وقابيل/ Abel & Cain Mentioned in Quran or Hadith
Habil and Qabil were the sons of Prophet Adam. Qabil's jealousy led him to murder Habil out of envy for Allah's acceptance of Habil's sacrifice, marking the first act of murder in human history.
Habil & Qabil هابيل وقابيل/ Abel & Cain Mentioned in Quran or Hadith
Habil and Qabil were the sons of Prophet Adam. Qabil's jealousy led him to murder Habil out of envy for Allah's acceptance of Habil's sacrifice, marking the first act of murder in human history.
The son of Prophet Adam عليه السلام and his successor to prophethood. Sheeth عليه السلام is recognised for his righteousness and role in preserving the teachings of his father.
Sheeth شيث/ Seth Prophet
The son of Prophet Adam عليه السلام and his successor to prophethood. Sheeth عليه السلام is recognised for his righteousness and role in preserving the teachings of his father.
Enos أنوش/ Enos Prophet
The son of Prophet Seeth and the grandson of Prophet Adam. Enos عليه السلام continued the legacy of his forefathers, preaching monotheism and righteousness to his people.
Enos أنوش/ Enos Prophet
The son of Prophet Seeth and the grandson of Prophet Adam. Enos عليه السلام continued the legacy of his forefathers, preaching monotheism and righteousness to his people.
Kenan كِنَاْنْ/ Cainan Prophet
Mahalalil مهلالئيل/ Mahalalel Prophet
Mahalalil عليه السلام is the son of Kenan (Cainan) and the father of Yared (Jared).
Mahalalil مهلالئيل/ Mahalalel Prophet
Mahalalil عليه السلام is the son of Kenan (Cainan) and the father of Yared (Jared).
Yared يارد/ Jared Prophet
Idris إدريس/ Enoch Prophet
Idris عليه السلام was a prophet and messenger of Allah, known for his righteousness and knowledge.
Idris إدريس/ Enoch Prophet
Idris عليه السلام was a prophet and messenger of Allah, known for his righteousness and knowledge.
Adam عليه السلام died 308 years after the birth of Idris.
Adam's Death
Adam عليه السلام died 308 years after the birth of Idris, marking the end of the first human and prophet's earthly life.
Nuh نوح/ Noah Prophet
First Messenger to Mankind
Nuh عليه السلام, the first messenger sent to mankind, was commanded by Allah to call the people back to righteousness. With steadfastness and resilience, he called his people for 950 years, employing various methods to abandon shirk and return to Tawheed.
Nuh عليه السلام, the first messenger sent to mankind, was commanded by Allah to call the people back to righteousness. With steadfastness and resilience, he called his people for 950 years, employing various methods to abandon shirk and return to Tawheed.
Prophet Hud عليه السلام was sent to the tribe of Ad to call them to worship Allah alone and abandon idols. Despite his warnings about the Day of Judgement and calls for repentance, they mocked him and remained arrogant. Trusting their wealth, they rejected his message. Allah then destroyed them with a violent windstorm, saving only Hud and the believers.
Prophet Hud عليه السلام was sent to the tribe of Ad to call them to worship Allah alone and abandon idols. Despite his warnings about the Day of Judgement and calls for repentance, they mocked him and remained arrogant. Trusting their wealth, they rejected his message. Allah then destroyed them with a violent windstorm, saving only Hud and the believers.
2000 BCE Bronze casting is practised by the Erlitu culture on the Yellow River Invention Explore Bronze Age China +
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Allah sent Prophet Salih عليه السلام to guide the people of Thamud. The people of Thamud demanded Prophet Salih show a miracle, and Allah sent a miraculous she-camel from a rock. They rejected it and killed the camel despite warnings. Ignoring calls to repent, Thamud faced destruction by a devastating blast and earthquake.
Allah sent Prophet Salih عليه السلام to guide the people of Thamud. The people of Thamud demanded Prophet Salih show a miracle, and Allah sent a miraculous she-camel from a rock. They rejected it and killed the camel despite warnings. Ignoring calls to repent, Thamud faced destruction by a devastating blast and earthquake.
1900 BCE Construction of the Temple of Karnak at Thebes in Egypt begins Culture
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1900 BCE Construction of the Temple of Karnak at Thebes in Egypt begins Culture
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1800 BCE Climate change begins to affect the Indus Valley region Environment
1800-1700 BCE The Hittites (in the region Asia Minor; modern-day Turkey) begin working with iron, and by around 1500 BCE, pioneering large-scale iron smelting and forging, sparking the Iron Age. Technology Explore the Iron Age +
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1800-1700 BCE The Hittites (in the region Asia Minor; modern-day Turkey) begin working with iron, and by around 1500 BCE, pioneering large-scale iron smelting and forging, sparking the Iron Age. Technology Explore the Iron Age +
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1800 BCE Iron objects are produced in the regions of Uttar Pradesh and Malabar in India Technology Explore the Iron Age +
Prophet Ibrahim عليه السلام challenged the prevalent polytheistic beliefs of his society and endured numerous trials and tests throughout his life, including facing persecution from his own family and community, being thrown into a fire, and being commanded to sacrifice his son.
Prophet Ibrahim عليه السلام challenged the prevalent polytheistic beliefs of his society and endured numerous trials and tests throughout his life, including facing persecution from his own family and community, being thrown into a fire, and being commanded to sacrifice his son.
Prophet Lut عليه السلام was sent to guide the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. He warned them of divine punishment for their transgressions, ultimately witnessing their destruction as a consequence of their refusal to repent.
Prophet Lut عليه السلام was sent to guide the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. He warned them of divine punishment for their transgressions, ultimately witnessing their destruction as a consequence of their refusal to repent.
Prophet Ismail عليه السلام is the son of Prophet Ibrahim and Hagar. Isma'il عليه السلام built the Kaaba with his father, in Mecca, as a sanctuary for monotheistic worship.
Prophet Ismail عليه السلام is the son of Prophet Ibrahim and Hagar. Isma'il عليه السلام built the Kaaba with his father, in Mecca, as a sanctuary for monotheistic worship.
Prophet Yaqoub عليه السلام persevered through familial trials, including the loss of his son Yusuf, ultimately reuniting with him and exemplifying patience and trust in Allah.
Prophet Yaqoub عليه السلام persevered through familial trials, including the loss of his son Yusuf, ultimately reuniting with him and exemplifying patience and trust in Allah.
1300 BCE Evidence from bone inscriptions shows that the Shang dynasty Chinese had established the solar year at 365.25 days and lunar month at 29.5 days. Science
1300 BCE Evidence from bone inscriptions shows that the Shang dynasty Chinese had established the solar year at 365.25 days and lunar month at 29.5 days. Science
1200 BCE The Hittite Empire (in the region Asia Minor; modern-day Turkey) collapses. The Assyrians begin employing iron for weapons and armor Civilisation Explore Collapse of the Bronze Age +
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1200 BCE The Hittite Empire (in the region Asia Minor; modern-day Turkey) collapses. The Assyrians begin employing iron for weapons and armor Civilisation Explore Collapse of the Bronze Age +
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1200 BCE Ironworking spreads across the Eastern Mediterranean Technology Explore the Iron Age +
1200 BCE Ironworking spreads across the Eastern Mediterranean Technology Explore the Iron Age +
1020 BCE Kingdom of Israel created, founded by Saul. Kingdom reaches its greatest height under Prophet Dawud عليه السلام, but splits into Israel and Judah in 926 BCE. Culture Explore Ancient Levant +
1020 BCE Kingdom of Israel created, founded by Saul. Kingdom reaches its greatest height under Prophet Dawud عليه السلام, but splits into Israel and Judah in 926 BCE. culture Explore Ancient Levant +
776 BCE The first pan-Hellenic games are held at Olympia in Greece Culture
700-338 BCE Ancient Greece is composed of hundreds of city states, many which were rivals, the biggest of these were Athens and Sparta. Explore the Greek City States +
700-338 BCE Ancient Greece is composed of hundreds of city states, many which were rivals, the biggest of these were Athens and Sparta. Explore the Greek City States +
336 BCE Alexander III ascends to the throne to become King of Macedonia at the age of 21. Within 10 years, he conquered the Persian Empire, creating an empire that spanned from Greece to India Civilisation Explore Alexander the Great +
264 - 146 BCE The Punic Wars. A series of three wars with the Carthaginians which took place over a century, ended with vicory for the Roman Republic. < Politics and War Explore The Punic Wars +
264 - 146 BCE The Punic Wars. A series of three wars with the Carthaginians which took place over a century, ended with vicory for the Roman Republic. < Politics and War Explore The Punic Wars +
c. 250 BCE Archimedes formulates principles of levers, pulleys, and hydrostatics Science
221 BCE Qin leader Ying Zheng takes the title Qin Shi Huang, becoming the First Emperor of China Civilisation Explore China's First Emperor +
221 BCE Qin leader Ying Zheng takes the title Qin Shi Huang, becoming the First Emperor of China Civilisation Explore China's First Emperor +
206 BCE The Han Dynasty is founded in China, ushering in centuries of stability and expansion Civilisation Explore the Han Empire +
49 BCE Julius Caesar (assasinated in 44BCE) seizes power as dictator and sets Rome on a path from republic to empire. Politics and War Explore the Roman Empire +
31 BCE Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium; he becomes sole ruler of Rome Politics and War Explore the Roman Empire +
31 BCE Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium; he becomes sole ruler of Rome Politics and War Explore the Roman Empire +
27 BCE The Senate grants Octavian the title Augustus, he becomes the first emperor, marking the official beginning of the Roman Empire. Civilisation Explore the Roman Empire +
79 CE Mount Vesuvius erupts, causing the Roman city Pompeii to become entombed Environment
80 CE The Colosseum is built in Rome civilisation
80 CE The Colosseum is built in Rome civilisation
100–c.715 CE The Empire of Aksum, centred in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, becomes a powerful Red Sea trading hub linking Africa, Arabia, and the Mediterranean Civilisation
100–c.715 CE The Empire of Aksum, centred in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, becomes a powerful Red Sea trading hub linking Africa, Arabia, and the Mediterranean Civilisation
330 CE Emperor Constantine moves the Roman capital from Rome to Byzantium (later renamed Constantinople, modern-day Istanbul) Civilisation
395 CE The Roman Empire is formally divided into Western and Eastern halves. The Western Empire collapses in 476, while the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) endures for another thousand years Civilisation Explore the Byzantine Empire +
395 CE The Roman Empire is formally divided into Western and Eastern halves. The Western Empire collapses in 476, while the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) endures for another thousand years Civilisation Explore the Byzantine Empire +
429 CE Roman North Africa is invaded by the Vandals; their kingdom ends with an Eastern Roman reconquest in 533 politics and war Explore the Roman Empire +
429 CE Roman North Africa is invaded by the Vandals; their kingdom ends with an Eastern Roman reconquest in 533 politics and war Explore the Roman Empire +
456 CE Visigoths under Theoderic II control Spain apart from Suevic kingdom politics and war
456 CE Visigoths under Theoderic II control Spain apart from Suevic kingdom politics and war
476 CE The last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, is deposed by his army chief, Odovacer politics and war Explore The Roman Empire +
500–1200 CE The Kingdom of Ghana dominates West Africa, thriving on trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and ivory before its decline with the rise of Mali Civilisation
500–1500 CE Christian kingdoms of Nubia flourish along the Nile south of Egypt, noted for their resilience against Arab expansion until their decline in the late Middle Ages Civilisation
500–1500 CE Christian kingdoms of Nubia flourish along the Nile south of Egypt, noted for their resilience against Arab expansion until their decline in the late Middle Ages Civilisation
506 CE Visigothic king Alaric II issues the Breviarium, a Roman-style law code civilisation
511-561 CE Frankish kingdom divided into four after the death of Clovis. Partitioned again in 561. Weakening the rule of the Franks politics and war
511-561 CE Frankish kingdom divided into four after the death of Clovis. Partitioned again in 561. Weakening the rule of the Franks politics and war
533-535 CE Byzantine emperor Justinian launches a war to reconquer North Africa and Italy from Germanic kings politics and war Explore The Roman Empire +
534 CE Eastern Roman general Belisarius invades Sicily, beginning the reconquest of Italy politics and war
534 CE Eastern Roman general Belisarius invades Sicily, beginning the reconquest of Italy politics and war
597 CE Sent by Pope Gregory I to convert the English, Augustine arrives with armies in Canterbury religion
597 CE Sent by Pope Gregory I to convert the English, Augustine arrives with armies in Canterbury religion
606 CE India's Gupta Empire collapses civilisation
610 CE Prophet Muhammad ﷺ receives the first revelation through the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) in the Cave of Hira, near Makkah Islamic world
618 CE The Tang Dynasty reunifies China after four centuries of disunity civilisation
618 CE The Tang Dynasty reunifies China after four centuries of disunity civilisation
622 CE The Hijra - Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) migrates from Mecca to Medina islamic world
622–750 CE From its beginnings in Medina, the Islamic Empire expands rapidly, defeating the Persian Empire and weakening Byzantium. By 750 it stretches from the borders of India across North Africa to Spain Islamic world Explore The Spread of Islam +
622–750 CE From its beginnings in Medina, the Islamic Empire expands rapidly, defeating the Persian Empire and weakening Byzantium. By 750 it stretches from the borders of India across North Africa to Spain Islamic world Explore the Spread of Islam +
624 CE (2 AH) Battle of Badr - The Muslims, though greatly outnumbered (313 Muslims against approximately 1,000 Quraysh), achieved a decisive victory near the wells of Badr. This marked the first major military encounter between the Muslims of Madinah and the Quraysh of Makkah Islamic world
630 CE The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ leads the peaceful conquest of Makkah, consolidating Islam in Arabia Islamic world Explore the Spread of Islam +
632–634 CE Abu Bakr رضي الله عنه serves as the first Caliph, uniting Arabia and initiating the early Islamic conquests Islamic world
632–634 CE Abu Bakr رضي الله عنه serves as the first Caliph, uniting Arabia and initiating the early Islamic conquests Islamic world
634–644 CE Umar ibn al-Khattab رضي الله عنه oversees major expansion, defeating the Byzantine and Persian empires and building an Islamic state Islamic world
634 CE (13 AH) Muslim Victory at Ajnadayn — Under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces defeated the Byzantines at Ajnadayn (near modern-day Beit Guvrin, Israel), opening the path to Jerusalem and further conquest of the Levant. Islamic world
634 CE (13 AH) Muslim Victory at Ajnadayn — Under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces defeated the Byzantines at Ajnadayn (near modern-day Beit Guvrin, Israel), opening the path to Jerusalem and further conquest of the Levant. Islamic world
634 CE (13 AH) Muslim Conquest of Damascus — Under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Damascus (modern-day Damascus, Syria) after a siege, making it one of the first major Byzantine cities to fall. Islamic world
636 CE (15 AH) Khalid ibn al-Walid رضي الله عنه defeats the Byzantine forces at the Battle of Yarmuk (in modern-day Jordan/Syria border region), opening the way for the Islamic conquest of the rest of Syria and Palestine Islamic world
636 CE (15 AH) Khalid ibn al-Walid رضي الله عنه defeats the Byzantine forces at the Battle of Yarmuk (in modern-day Jordan/Syria border region), opening the way for the Islamic conquest of the rest of Syria and Palestine Islamic world
636 CE (15 AH) Muslim Conquest of Homs — Under the command of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Homs (modern-day Homs, Syria) during the Syrian campaign, shortly after the Battle of Yarmuk. Islamic world
636 CE (15 AH) Muslim victory at the Battle of Qadisiyyah under the command of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه against the Sasanian Persian Empire (in modern-day Iraq, near Najaf) leads to the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia Islamic world
638 CE (17 AH) Peaceful Surrender of Jerusalem — Under the command of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah رضي الله عنه, with Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab رضي الله عنه personally receiving the surrender, Jerusalem (modern-day Jerusalem, Palestine) surrendered peacefully, with the Caliph guaranteeing protection for Christian holy sites. Islamic world
638 CE (17 AH) Peaceful Surrender of Jerusalem — Under the command of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah رضي الله عنه, with Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab رضي الله عنه personally receiving the surrender, Jerusalem (modern-day Jerusalem, Palestine) surrendered peacefully, with the Caliph guaranteeing protection for Christian holy sites. Islamic world
640 CE (19 AH) Muslim Victory at Heliopolis — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces achieved a decisive victory over the Byzantines at Heliopolis (near modern-day Cairo, Egypt), paving the way for the conquest of Egypt. Islamic world
641 CE (20 AH) Muslim Conquest of Memphis — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Memphis (near modern-day Cairo, Egypt) after a siege, further consolidating Muslim control over the country. Islamic world
641 CE (20 AH) Muslim Conquest of Memphis — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Memphis (near modern-day Cairo, Egypt) after a siege, further consolidating Muslim control over the country. Islamic world
642 CE (21 AH) Muslim Victory at Nahavand — Under the command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces achieved a decisive victory over Sasanian forces under Yazdegerd III at Nahavand (modern-day Nahavand, western Iran), leading to the rapid Muslim conquest of the rest of Persia. Often called the "Victory of Victories." Islamic world
642 CE (21 AH) Muslim Conquest of Alexandria — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Alexandria (modern-day Alexandria, Egypt), the last major Byzantine stronghold in the country, after an 18-month siege, completing the Muslim conquest of Egypt. Islamic world
642 CE (21 AH) Muslim Conquest of Alexandria — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Alexandria (modern-day Alexandria, Egypt), the last major Byzantine stronghold in the country, after an 18-month siege, completing the Muslim conquest of Egypt. Islamic world
643 CE (22 AH) Muslim Conquest of Barca — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Barca (modern-day Al Marj, Libya) in Cyrenaica, beginning the westward expansion into North Africa. Islamic world
643 CE (22 AH) Muslim Conquest of Isfahan — Under the command of Abdullah ibn Budayl رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces accepted the surrender of Isfahan (modern-day Isfahan, central Iran), consolidating control over Persia following Nahavand. Islamic world
643 CE (22 AH) Muslim Conquest of Isfahan — Under the command of Abdullah ibn Budayl رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces accepted the surrender of Isfahan (modern-day Isfahan, central Iran), consolidating control over Persia following Nahavand. Islamic world
644–656 CE Uthman ibn Affan رضي الله عنه commissions the compilation of the Qur’an into a single text and continues expansion across North Africa and Asia Islamic world
644–656 CE Uthman ibn Affan رضي الله عنه commissions the compilation of the Qur’an into a single text and continues expansion across North Africa and Asia Islamic world
647 CE (26 AH) Muslim Conquest of Tripoli — Under the command of ‘Amr ibn al-‘As رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Tripoli (modern-day Tripoli, Libya), continuing the westward expansion along the North African coast. Islamic world
647 CE (26 AH) Muslim Conquest of Theodosiopolis — Under the command of Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum, eastern Turkey) during campaigns in Armenia and the Byzantine-Sasanian borderlands. Islamic world
647 CE (26 AH) Muslim Conquest of Theodosiopolis — Under the command of Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri رضي الله عنه, Muslim forces captured Theodosiopolis (modern-day Erzurum, eastern Turkey) during campaigns in Armenia and the Byzantine-Sasanian borderlands. Islamic world
654 CE (33 AH) Muslim Naval Raids on Rhodes — Under the command of Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan رضي الله عنه (as governor of Syria), Muslim naval forces temporarily occupied Rhodes (modern-day Rhodes, Greece) as part of early maritime campaigns against Byzantine territories. Islamic world
656–661 CE Ali ibn Abi Talib رضي الله عنه, cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, becomes Caliph. His rule is marked by internal conflict, including the First Fitna (civil war) Islamic world
661 CE (40 AH) Assassination of Caliph Ali — Ali ibn Abi Talib رضي الله عنه, the fourth Caliph, was assassinated by a Kharijite while at prayer in Kufa (modern-day Kufa, Iraq). This event deepened the schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Islamic world
661 CE (40 AH) Assassination of Caliph Ali — Ali ibn Abi Talib رضي الله عنه, the fourth Caliph, was assassinated by a Kharijite while at prayer in Kufa (modern-day Kufa, Iraq). This event deepened the schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Islamic world
661 CE (41 AH) Establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate — Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan رضي الله عنه became the first Umayyad Caliph, establishing Damascus (modern-day Damascus, Syria) as the capital of the Islamic Caliphate. Islamic world
668 CE Silla forces defeat Goryeo to complete the unification of Korea civilisation
670 CE (50 AH) First Siege of Constantinople — Under the command of Sufyan ibn Awf, Muslim forces conducted the first major naval and land assault on Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey), which ended unsuccessfully. Islamic world
670 CE (50 AH) First Siege of Constantinople — Under the command of Sufyan ibn Awf, Muslim forces conducted the first major naval and land assault on Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey), which ended unsuccessfully. Islamic world
674–678 CE (54–58 AH) Second Siege of Constantinople — Muslim forces conducted an extended siege of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) lasting several years, which ended in withdrawal due to Byzantine use of Greek fire. Islamic world
680 CE (61 AH) Battle of Karbala — Husayn ibn Ali رضي الله عنه, grandson of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, was killed along with his followers by Umayyad forces at Karbala (modern-day Karbala, Iraq). This event became central to Shia Islamic identity and mourning traditions. Islamic world
680 CE (61 AH) Battle of Karbala — Husayn ibn Ali رضي الله عنه, grandson of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, was killed along with his followers by Umayyad forces at Karbala (modern-day Karbala, Iraq). This event became central to Shia Islamic identity and mourning traditions. Islamic world
698 CE Muslim Arab army captures Carthage islamic world
698 CE Muslim Arab army captures Carthage islamic world
701 CE Taiho code divides Japan into provinces, districts, and villages and decrees a six-yearly census civilisation world
708-712 CE A new Japanese capital is built at Nara civilisation
708-712 CE A new Japanese capital is built at Nara civilisation
711 CE (92 AH) Muslim Conquest of Hispania — Under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad, Muslim forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete in southern Iberia (modern-day Spain), beginning the Muslim conquest of Hispania and ending the Visigothic Kingdom. Islamic world
711 CE (92 AH) Muslim Conquest of Hispania — Under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad, Muslim forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete in southern Iberia (modern-day Spain), beginning the Muslim conquest of Hispania and ending the Visigothic Kingdom. Islamic world
711 CE (92 AH) Muslim Conquest of Córdoba — Under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad (under Musa ibn Nusayr), Muslim forces captured Córdoba (modern-day Córdoba, Spain), which would later become the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. Islamic world
711 CE (92 AH) Muslim Conquest of Lisbon — Under the campaign of Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nusayr, Muslim forces captured Lisbon (modern-day Lisbon, Portugal) during the rapid conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Islamic world
711 CE (92 AH) Muslim Conquest of Lisbon — Under the campaign of Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nusayr, Muslim forces captured Lisbon (modern-day Lisbon, Portugal) during the rapid conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Islamic world
711-795 CE (93-179 AH) IMAM MALIK Islamic world scholar
711-795 CE (93-179 AH) IMAM MALIK Islamic world scholar
712 CE (93 AH) Muslim Conquest of Toledo — Under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad, Muslim forces captured Toledo (modern-day Toledo, Spain), the Visigothic capital, symbolising the collapse of Visigothic power. Islamic world
714 CE (95 AH) Muslim Conquest of Saragossa — Under the command of Musa ibn Nusayr, the city of Saragossa (modern-day Zaragoza, northeastern Spain) surrendered, extending Muslim control into the Ebro River valley. Islamic world
714 CE (95 AH) Muslim Conquest of Saragossa — Under the command of Musa ibn Nusayr, the city of Saragossa (modern-day Zaragoza, northeastern Spain) surrendered, extending Muslim control into the Ebro River valley. Islamic world
717–718 CE (98–99 AH) Failed Siege of Constantinople — Under the command of Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, Muslim forces conducted a major siege of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) lasting about a year, which ended in failure due to Bulgarian intervention, harsh winter, and Greek fire. Islamic world
718 CE (99 AH) Christian Victory at Covadonga — Christian forces under Pelagius defeated Muslim forces under Al-Qama at Covadonga (modern-day Covadonga, Asturias, northern Spain), marking the beginning of the Reconquista and establishing the Kingdom of Asturias. Islamic world
718 CE (99 AH) Christian Victory at Covadonga — Christian forces under Pelagius defeated Muslim forces under Al-Qama at Covadonga (modern-day Covadonga, Asturias, northern Spain), marking the beginning of the Reconquista and establishing the Kingdom of Asturias. Islamic world
720 CE (101 AH) Muslim Conquest of Narbonne — Under the command of Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, Muslim forces captured Narbonne (modern-day Narbonne, southern France), a strategic Mediterranean port marking the furthest extent of Muslim expansion into Francia. Islamic world
720 CE (101 AH) Muslim Naval Raids on Sicily — Muslim naval forces began conducting raids on Sicily (modern-day Sicily, Italy), though permanent conquest would not occur until the 9th century. Islamic world
720 CE (101 AH) Muslim Naval Raids on Sicily — Muslim naval forces began conducting raids on Sicily (modern-day Sicily, Italy), though permanent conquest would not occur until the 9th century. Islamic world
720 CE (101 AH) Muslim Naval Raids on Sardinia — Muslim naval forces conducted raids on Sardinia (modern-day Sardinia, Italy) as part of Mediterranean maritime expansion. Islamic world
c. 721–815 CE (103–199 AH) Jabir ibn Hayyan: Foundations of Chemistry — Pioneered systematic experiments and laboratory techniques (distillation, crystallization), laying the groundwork for chemistry.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
c. 721–815 CE (103–199 AH) Jabir ibn Hayyan: Foundations of Chemistry — Pioneered systematic experiments and laboratory techniques (distillation, crystallization), laying the groundwork for chemistry.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
725-803 CE (107-187 AH) FUDAYL IBN IYAD Islamic world scholar
736-797 CE (118-181 AH) ʿABD ALLĀH IBN AL-MUBĀRAK Islamic world scholar
736-797 CE (118-181 AH) ʿABD ALLĀH IBN AL-MUBĀRAK Islamic world scholar
750 CE (132 AH) Establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate - The Abbasids came to power after a civil war ending Umayyad rule, establishing a new caliphate that would last until 1258 CE (656 AH) Islamic world
750 CE (132 AH) Establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate - The Abbasids came to power after a civil war ending Umayyad rule, establishing a new caliphate that would last until 1258 CE (656 AH) Islamic world
751 CE (133 AH) Abbasid Victory at Talas — Under the command of Ziyad ibn Salih, Abbasid forces defeated Tang Chinese forces at the Battle of Talas near the Talas River (modern-day Taraz, Kazakhstan), consolidating Muslim hold on Transoxiana (Central Asia) for the next 400 years. This battle also facilitated the transfer of Chinese papermaking technology to the Islamic world. Islamic world
762 CE (145 AH) Founding of Baghdad - Under Caliph Al-Mansur, Baghdad was founded and established as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in modern-day Iraq, becoming a major centre of Islamic culture and learning Islamic world
774 CE Lombard kingdom comes to an end after invasion by Frankish-Carolingian ruler Charlemagne politics and war
774 CE Lombard kingdom comes to an end after invasion by Frankish-Carolingian ruler Charlemagne politics and war
767-820 CE (150-204 AH) IMAM AL-SHĀFIʿĪ Islamic world scholar
780-855 CE (164-241 AH) AḤMAD IBN ḤANBAL Islamic world scholar
780-855 CE (164-241 AH) AHMAD IBN HANBAL Islamic world scholar
c. 780–850 CE (163–236 AH) Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi: Algebra and Algorithms — Al-Khwarizmi formalized algebra, developed systematic methods for solving equations, and helped spread the Hindu-Arabic numeral system — the basis of modern math and computing.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
c. 780–850 CE (163–236 AH) Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi: Algebra and Algorithms — Al-Khwarizmi formalized algebra, developed systematic methods for solving equations, and helped spread the Hindu-Arabic numeral system — the basis of modern math and computing.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
800 CE The Frankish ruler Charlemagne is crowned emperor civilisation
c. 801–873 CE (185–259 AH) Al-Kindi: Optics and Knowledge — Al-Kindi advanced optics, music theory, and cryptography, and helped bridge Greek and Islamic scientific knowledge.
culture islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
c. 801–873 CE (185–259 AH) Al-Kindi: Optics and Knowledge — Al-Kindi advanced optics, music theory, and cryptography, and helped bridge Greek and Islamic scientific knowledge.
culture islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
800–1380 CE The Kanem-Bornu Empire thrives around Lake Chad, controlling trade routes linking North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa and adopting Islam as a state religion Civilisation
810-870 CE (194-256 AH) IMAM AL-BUKHARI Islamic world scholar
811-890 CE (195-277 AH) ABDURRAHMAN IBN ABI HATIM AL-RAZI Islamic world scholar
811-890 CE (195-277 AH) ABDURRAHMAN IBN ABI HATIM AL-RAZI Islamic world scholar
819–875 CE (204–261 AH) IMAM MUSLIM Islamic world scholar
819 CE (204 AH) Rise of the Samanid Dynasty - Former Abbasid governors in eastern Iran asserted independence, establishing the Samanid dynasty that would rule until 999 CE (389 AH) Islamic world
826–901 CE (210–288 AH) Thabit ibn Qurra: Mathematics and Astronomy — Expanded Greek mathematics, made major contributions to geometry and number theory, and influenced medieval astronomy.
science Islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
826–901 CE (210–288 AH) Thabit ibn Qurra: Mathematics and Astronomy — Expanded Greek mathematics, made major contributions to geometry and number theory, and influenced medieval astronomy.
science Islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
c. 850 CE Invention of gunpowder in China Invention
853-933 CE (239-321 AH) ABU JAFAR AL-TAHAWI Islamic world scholar
853-933 CE (239-321 AH) ABU JAFAR AL-TAHAWI Islamic world scholar
857-930 CE (242-318 AH) IBN AL-MUNDHIR Islamic world scholar
858–929 CE (244–317 AH) Al-Battani: Precision in Astronomy — Refined measurements of celestial movements and trigonometric functions, laying foundations for later astronomy and navigation.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
858–929 CE (244–317 AH) Al-Battani: Precision in Astronomy — Refined measurements of celestial movements and trigonometric functions, laying foundations for later astronomy and navigation.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
862 CE The people of Novgorod invite the Swedish Viking Rurik to rule them civilisation
862 CE The people of Novgorod invite the Swedish Viking Rurik to rule them civilisation
865–925 CE (251–312 AH) Al-Razi: Clinical Medicine and Chemistry — Distinguished diseases like smallpox and measles, promoted clinical observation, and wrote influential medical encyclopedias used for centuries.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
867-941 CE (253-329 AH) ABU AL-HASAN AL-BARBAHARI Islamic world scholar
867-941 CE (253-329 AH) ABU AL-HASAN AL-BARBAHARI Islamic world scholar
869 CE Last dated inscription made at the Maya city-state of Tikal, which disappears shortly thereafter civilisation
892 CE (279 AH) Samanids Establish Bukhara as Capital - The Samanids took Bukhara (in modern-day Uzbekistan) and made it their capital, transforming it into a major centre of Persian culture and Islamic scholarship Islamic world
892 CE (279 AH) Samanids Establish Bukhara as Capital - The Samanids took Bukhara (in modern-day Uzbekistan) and made it their capital, transforming it into a major centre of Persian culture and Islamic scholarship Islamic world
893–970 CE (280–360 AH) IMAM AL-AJURI Islamic world scholar
909 CE (297 AH) Establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate - A Shia dynasty named after Fatimah عليها السلام was established in Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia), claiming the caliphate in 910 CE (298 AH) Islamic world
909 CE (297 AH) Establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate - A Shia dynasty named after Fatimah (peace be upon her) was established in Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia), claiming the caliphate in 910 CE (298 AH) Islamic world
934 CE (322 AH) Rise of the Buyid Dynasty - Daylamites from northern Iran expanded after Abbasid withdrawals, establishing the Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty that would dominate the caliphate Islamic world
945 CE (334 AH) Buyids Take Control of Baghdad - Under the command of the Buyids, Baghdad (modern-day Iraq) was taken, allowing them to dominate the Abbasid caliphate whilst keeping the caliph as a figurehead Islamic world
945 CE (334 AH) Buyids Take Control of Baghdad - Under the command of the Buyids, Baghdad (modern-day Iraq) was taken, allowing them to dominate the Abbasid caliphate whilst keeping the caliph as a figurehead Islamic world
962–1027 CE (351–418 AH) AL-LAL ALAKEE Islamic world scholar
965–1040 CE (354–431 AH) Ibn al-Haytham: Optics and Scientific Method — Proved that vision comes from light entering the eye, developed the camera obscura, and pioneered experimental science.
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969 CE (358 AH) Fatimid Conquest of Egypt and Founding of Cairo - Under the Fatimid Caliphate, Egypt was conquered and Cairo (modern-day Cairo, Egypt) was founded as the new capital, establishing it as a major centre of Shia Islamic learning Islamic world
969 CE (358 AH) Fatimid Conquest of Egypt and Founding of Cairo - Under the Fatimid Caliphate, Egypt was conquered and Cairo (modern-day Cairo, Egypt) was founded as the new capital, establishing it as a major centre of Shia Islamic learning Islamic world
973–1050 CE (362–442 AH) Al-Biruni: Measuring the Earth — Calculated the Earth’s radius with great accuracy, studied geography, astronomy, calendars, and world cultures.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
977 CE (366 AH) Establishment of the Ghaznavid Dynasty - A Turkic dynasty based at Ghazni in Khurasan (modern-day Afghanistan) was established, eventually controlling much of the former western Samanid lands Islamic world
977 CE (366 AH) Establishment of the Ghaznavid Dynasty - A Turkic dynasty based at Ghazni in Khurasan (modern-day Afghanistan) was established, eventually controlling much of the former western Samanid lands Islamic world
978-1071 CE (368-463 AH) IBN ʿABD AL-BARR Islamic world scholar
d. 979 CE (369 AH) IBN ABI DAWOOD AS SIJISTANI Islamic world scholar
d. 979 CE (369 AH) IBN ABI DAWOOD AS SIJISTANI Islamic world scholar
980–1037 CE (370–428 AH) Ibn Sina: Canon of Medicine — Ibn Sina’s medical encyclopedia shaped medical education in the Islamic world and Europe for centuries. He systematized diagnosis, treatment, and pharmacology.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
980–1037 CE (370–428 AH) Ibn Sina: Canon of Medicine — Ibn Sina’s medical encyclopedia shaped medical education in the Islamic world and Europe for centuries. He systematized diagnosis, treatment, and pharmacology.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
999 CE (389 AH) Fall of the Samanid Dynasty - The Qarakhanids seized Bukhara (modern-day Uzbekistan), ending Samanid rule after nearly two centuries Islamic world
1000 CE The city of Tiwanaku, centre of a major Andean civilisation, is abandoned Civilisation
1000 CE The city of Tiwanaku, centre of a major Andean civilisation, is abandoned Civilisation
1002-1071 CE (392-463 AH) AL-KHATIB AL-BAGHDADI Islamic world scholar
d. 1004 CE (395 AH) IBNU MUNDA Islamic world scholar
d. 1004 CE (395 AH) IBNU MUNDA Islamic world scholar
1005–1088 CE (396–481 AH) ABU ISMAIL AL-ANSARI Islamic world scholar
1005 CE (395 AH) Ghaznavid Expansion - Under Ghaznavid rule, much of the western Samanid territories were brought under control, extending their influence across Central Asia and into the Indian subcontinent Islamic world
1005 CE (395 AH) Ghaznavid Expansion - Under Ghaznavid rule, much of the western Samanid territories were brought under control, extending their influence across Central Asia and into the Indian subcontinent Islamic world
1037 CE (429 AH) Rise of the Seljuk Empire - Turkic rulers from Khurasan established the Seljuk Empire, beginning a period of Turkic dominance in the Islamic world Islamic world
1040 CE (431 AH) Seljuk Victory at Dandanqan - Under the command of the Seljuks, Ghaznavid forces were defeated at the Battle of Dandanqan (near modern-day Merv, Turkmenistan), reducing the Ghaznavids mainly to Ghazni and Lahore Islamic world
1040 CE (431 AH) Seljuk Victory at Dandanqan - Under the command of the Seljuks, Ghaznavid forces were defeated at the Battle of Dandanqan (near modern-day Merv, Turkmenistan), reducing the Ghaznavids mainly to Ghazni and Lahore Islamic world
1044-1122 CE (436-516 AH) AL-BAGHAWĪ Islamic world scholar
1048–1131 CE (440–525 AH) Omar Khayyam: Algebra and Astronomy — Advanced solutions for cubic equations and reformed the calendar with exceptional precision.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1048–1131 CE (440–525 AH) Omar Khayyam: Algebra and Astronomy — Advanced solutions for cubic equations and reformed the calendar with exceptional precision.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
d. 1052 CE (444 AH) ABU NASR AS-SIJZI Islamic world scholar
1055 CE (447 AH) Seljuks Enter Baghdad - Under the command of the Seljuks, Baghdad (modern-day Iraq) was entered, ending Buyid control whilst recognising the Abbasid caliph, establishing Seljuk dominance over the caliphate Islamic world
1056 CE (448 AH) Rise of the Almoravid Dynasty - A confederation of Sanhaja Berbers established the Almoravid dynasty, which would control Morocco and parts of al-Andalus until 1147 CE (541 AH) Islamic world
1056 CE (448 AH) Rise of the Almoravid Dynasty - A confederation of Sanhaja Berbers established the Almoravid dynasty, which would control Morocco and parts of al-Andalus until 1147 CE (541 AH) Islamic world
1062 CE (454 AH) Founding of Marrakesh and Fall of Last Buyids - Under the Almoravids, Marrakesh (modern-day Marrakesh, Morocco) was founded as their capital. The last Buyid territories fell to the Seljuks, ending their dynasty Islamic world
1071 CE (463 AH) Seljuk Victory at Manzikert - Under Seljuk command, Byzantine forces were defeated at the Battle of Manzikert (near modern-day Malazgirt, eastern Turkey), opening Anatolia to Turkish settlement and Islamic expansion Islamic world
1071 CE (463 AH) Seljuk Victory at Manzikert - Under Seljuk command, Byzantine forces were defeated at the Battle of Manzikert (near modern-day Malazgirt, eastern Turkey), opening Anatolia to Turkish settlement and Islamic expansion Islamic world
1092 CE (485 AH) Death of Malik-Shah and Seljuk Fragmentation - Following the death of Sultan Malik-Shah, the Seljuk realm began to fracture into smaller competing states, weakening central authority Islamic world
1099 CE Armies of the First Crusade capture Jerusalem islamic world Explore The Crusades +
1099 CE Armies of the First Crusade capture Jerusalem islamic world Explore The Crusades +
1100–1165 CE (494–560 AH) Al-Idrisi: Geography and Cartography — Created one of the most accurate medieval world maps, combining information from across Europe, Africa, and Asia.
technology islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1136–1206 CE (530–603 AH) Al-Jazari: Engineering and Automata — Designed advanced water clocks, pumps, and mechanical automata. His book of inventions influenced both Islamic and European engineering.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1136–1206 CE (530–603 AH) Al-Jazari: Engineering and Automata — Designed advanced water clocks, pumps, and mechanical automata. His book of inventions influenced both Islamic and European engineering.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
d. 1140 CE (535 AH) ABUL QAASIM AT-TAYMI Islamic world scholar
1144-1194 CE (538-590 AH) ABŪ ISḤĀQ AL-SHĀṬIBĪ Islamic world scholar
1144-1194 CE (538-590 AH) ABU ISHAQ AL-SHATIBI Islamic world scholar
1146-1203 CE (541-600 AH) ABDUL-GHANI AL-MAQDISI Islamic world scholar
1146–1223 CE (541–620 AH) IMAAM MUWAFFAQUD-DEEN ABDULLAAH IBN AHMAD IBN QUDAAMAH Islamic world scholar
1146–1223 CE (541–620 AH) IMAAM MUWAFFAQUD-DEEN ABDULLAAH IBN AHMAD IBN QUDAAMAH Islamic world scholar
1147 CE (541 AH) Fall of the Almoravid Dynasty - The Almohads, a rival Berber movement, captured Marrakesh (modern-day Marrakesh, Morocco), ending Almoravid rule Islamic world
1147 CE (541 AH) Fall of the Almoravid Dynasty - The Almohads, a rival Berber movement, captured Marrakesh (modern-day Marrakesh, Morocco), ending Almoravid rule Islamic world
d. 1166 CE (562 AH) ABU SA'AD AS-SAMAANI Islamic world scholar
1171 CE (567 AH) End of the Fatimid Caliphate - The Fatimid Caliphate ended in Egypt, replaced by Ayyubid rule under Salah ad-Din (Saladin) Islamic world
1180–1897 CE The Kingdom of Benin, in present-day Nigeria, becomes renowned for its sophisticated art, governance, and Benin Bronzes before being conquered by the British Civilisation
1180–1897 CE The Kingdom of Benin, in present-day Nigeria, becomes renowned for its sophisticated art, governance, and Benin Bronzes before being conquered by the British Civilisation
1181-1245 CE (577-643 AH) IBN AL-SALAH Islamic world scholar
1181-1245 CE (577-643 AH) IBN AL-SALAH Islamic world scholar
1186 CE (582 AH) Fall of the Ghaznavid Dynasty - The last Ghaznavid territories fell, ending nearly two centuries of Ghaznavid rule in Khurasan and northern India Islamic world
d. 1188 CE (584 AH) ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-HAZIMI Islamic world scholar
1194 CE (590 AH) End of the Seljuk Empire - The Great Seljuk Empire came to an end, though various Seljuk successor states continued in Anatolia and elsewhere Islamic world
1194 CE (590 AH) End of the Seljuk Empire - The Great Seljuk Empire came to an end, though various Seljuk successor states continued in Anatolia and elsewhere Islamic world
1201–1274 CE (597–672 AH) Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: Astronomy and Mathematics — Developed the Tusi couple, a key astronomical model later used by Copernicus, and advanced trigonometry as a separate discipline.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1201-1267 CE (598-665 AH) SHIHAB AL-DIN ABU SHAMA Islamic world scholar
1201-1267 CE (598-665 AH) SHIHAB AL-DIN ABU SHAMA Islamic world scholar
1204 CE Constantinople is captured by the Fourth Crusade; Crusader armies stormed and brutally sacked the Byzantine capital. The event caused massive destruction: libraries, churches, and relics were looted. politics and war Explore the Crusades +
1204 CE Constantinople is captured by the Fourth Crusade; Crusader armies stormed and brutally sacked the Byzantine capital. The event caused massive destruction: libraries, churches, and relics were looted. politics and war Explore The Crusades +
1206 CE The Delhi Sultanate is established in India islamic world
1220–1450 CE The Kingdom of Zimbabwe develops in southern Africa, famed for its stone-built capital Great Zimbabwe and its role in regional gold and ivory trade Civilisation
1220–1450 CE The Kingdom of Zimbabwe develops in southern Africa, famed for its stone-built capital Great Zimbabwe and its role in regional gold and ivory trade Civilisation
1228-1303 CE (625-702 AH) ABU FATH IBN DAQIQ AL-ID (IBN DAQIQ AL-ID) Islamic world scholar
1234-1277 CE (631-676 AH) IMAM NAWAWI Islamic world scholar
1234-1277 CE (631-676 AH) IMAM NAWAWI Islamic world scholar
1235–1660 CE The Mali Empire rises in West Africa, reaching its peak under Mansa Musa, whose wealth and pilgrimage to Mecca made Timbuktu a centre of trade and learning Civilisation Explore Mansa Musa +
d. 1245 CE (643 AH) DIYAA AL-MAQDASI Islamic world scholar
d. 1245 CE (643 AH) DIYAA AL-MAQDASI Islamic world scholar
1258 CE Mongol armies sack Baghdad islamic world
1258 CE Mongol armies sack Baghdad islamic world
1263-1328 CE (661-728 AH) IBN TAYMIYYAH Islamic world scholar
1270 CE Mongols establish a government in Korea; the Goryeo court survives only on an offshore island politics and war Explore the Mongol Conquests +
1270 CE Mongols establish a government in Korea; the Goryeo court survives only on an offshore island politics and war Explore the Mongol Conquests +
1274-1348 CE (673-748 AH) AL-DHAHABI Islamic world scholar
1279 CE Mongols complete conquest of Southern Song; Yuan dynasty established civilisation Explore the Mongol Conquests +
1280s CE (680s AH) Ottoman Empire: Rise of Osman - After the collapse of the Seljuk Empire, western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) was divided into competing states known as Beyliks. One Beylik, based around the small town of Sogut (modern-day northwestern Turkey), began to expand under the leadership of Osman, the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, laying the foundations for what would become the Ottoman Empire Islamic world
1280s CE (680s AH) Ottoman Empire: Rise of Osman - After the collapse of the Seljuk Empire, western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) was divided into competing states known as Beyliks. One Beylik, based around the small town of Sogut (modern-day northwestern Turkey), began to expand under the leadership of Osman, the founder of the Ottoman dynasty, laying the foundations for what would become the Ottoman Empire Islamic world
c. 1280 CE First true mechanical clocks appear in Europe Invention
1292-1350 CE (691-751 AH) IBN AL-QAYYIM Islamic world scholar
1301-1373 CE (701-774 AH) IBN KATHIR Islamic world scholar
1301-1373 CE (701-774 AH) IBN KATHIR Islamic world scholar
1304–1375 CE (704–777 AH) IBN AL-SHATIR: PLANETARY MODELS — Created precise planetary models centuries before Copernicus, marking a peak in Islamic astronomy.
science Islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
d. 1305 CE (705 AH) ABD AL-MUMIN IBN KHALAF AL-DIMYATI Islamic world scholar
d. 1305 CE (705 AH) ABD AL-MUMIN IBN KHALAF AL-DIMYATI Islamic world scholar
1326 CE (726 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Bursa - Under the command of Orhan, son of Osman and second Ottoman ruler, the important Byzantine town of Bursa (modern-day northwestern Turkey) was captured and established as the first Ottoman capital. From there, Orhan conquered much of the rest of Anatolia and sent the first Ottoman forces into Europe Islamic world
1326 CE (726 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Bursa - Under the command of Orhan, son of Osman and second Ottoman ruler, the important Byzantine town of Bursa (modern-day northwestern Turkey) was captured and established as the first Ottoman capital. From there, Orhan conquered much of the rest of Anatolia and sent the first Ottoman forces into Europe Islamic world
1326–1402 CE (726–805 AH) Ottoman Expansion in Anatolia — Under Orhan’s rule, the Ottomans conquered most remaining Byzantine cities in northwest Anatolia. Anatolia was later unified under Bayezid I, grandson of Orhan, who subdued the Beyliks in the southwest after becoming sultan in 1389 CE (791 AH). Islamic world
1332–1406 CE (732–808 AH) Ibn Khaldun: Sociology and History — Developed theories on the rise and fall of civilizations and early concepts of economics and social science.
culture islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1335-1393 CE (736-795 AH) IBN RAJAB AL-HANBALI Islamic world scholar
1337 CE The Hundred Years War between England and France begins politics and war Explore The 100 Years war +
1337 CE The Hundred Years War between England and France begins politics and war Explore The 100 years War +
1354 CE (755 AH) Ottoman Empire: Entry into Europe — The Ottomans crossed into Gallipoli (modern-day northwestern Turkey, on the European side of the Dardanelles), establishing their first foothold in Europe and beginning their expansion into the Balkans. Islamic world
1354 CE (755 AH) Ottoman Empire: Entry into Europe — The Ottomans crossed into Gallipoli (modern-day northwestern Turkey, on the European side of the Dardanelles), establishing their first foothold in Europe and beginning their expansion into the Balkans. Islamic world
b.1363 CE (764 AH) IBN ABDUL HADI Islamic world scholar
b.1363 CE (764 AH) IBN ABDUL HADI Islamic world scholar
1372–1449 CE (773–852 AH) IBN HAJAR AL-ASQALANI Islamic world scholar
1389 CE (791 AH) Ottoman Empire: Victory at Kosovo — Under the command of Sultan Murad I, the third Ottoman ruler, Ottoman forces defeated Serbia at the Battle of Kosovo (modern-day Kosovo), marking the beginning of Ottoman supremacy in the Balkans. The Ottomans had occupied much of Thrace (modern-day southeastern Balkans), making Edirne (Adrianople) the new capital. Islamic world
1394–1449 CE (797–853 AH) Ulugh Beg: Observatories and Star Catalogues — Built a major observatory in Samarkand and produced one of the most accurate star catalogs of his time.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1394–1449 CE (797–853 AH) Ulugh Beg: Observatories and Star Catalogues — Built a major observatory in Samarkand and produced one of the most accurate star catalogs of his time.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1400–1402 CE (803–805 AH) Ottoman Empire: Mongol Threat Under Timur — The Mongol-Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), angered by Sultan Bayezid I’s demands for tribute from one of his vassals, invaded Ottoman territory. At the Battle of Ankara (1402 / 805 AH) (modern-day Ankara, Turkey), Timur defeated Sultan Bayezid I, causing many Anatolian Beyliks to break away from Ottoman rule. Islamic world
1400–1402 CE (803–805 AH) Ottoman Empire: Mongol Threat Under Timur — The Mongol-Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), angered by Sultan Bayezid I’s demands for tribute from one of his vassals, invaded Ottoman territory. At the Battle of Ankara (1402 / 805 AH) (modern-day Ankara, Turkey), Timur defeated Sultan Bayezid I, causing many Anatolian Beyliks to break away from Ottoman rule. Islamic world
d. 1404 CE (807 AH) NUAYD AL-HAYTHAMI Islamic world scholar
d. 1404 CE (807 AH) NUR UDDIN AL-HAYTHAMI Islamic world scholar
1405 CE (808 AH) Ottoman Empire: Death of Timur — The death of Timur, the Mongol-Turkic conqueror, saved the Ottomans from further losses and allowed them to begin recovering their territories. Islamic world
1427–1497 CE (831–902 AH) AL-SAKHAWI (ALI IBN ABD ALLAH AL-SAKHAWI) Islamic world scholar
1427–1497 CE (831–902 AH) AL-SAKHAWI Islamic world scholar
1429 CE The Aztecs establish the Triple Alliance with other states in the Valley of Mexico, which forms the basis of their empire civilisation
1429 CE The Aztecs establish the Triple Alliance with other states in the Valley of Mexico, which forms the basis of their empire civilisation
1430 CE (834 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Thessaloniki — Thessaloniki, also known as Salonika (modern-day Thessaloniki, northern Greece), was captured by Ottoman forces, further extending their control in the Balkans. Islamic world
d. 1437 CE (841 AH) BURHAN AL-HALABI Islamic world scholar
1438 CE Pachacuti begins a series of conquests that establishes the Inca Empire civilisation
1438 CE Pachacuti begins a series of conquests that establishes the Inca Empire civilisation
1441 CE The assassination of shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori sparks the Onin Wars and 150 years of Japanese disunity politics and war
1444 CE (848 AH) Ottoman Empire: Victory at Varna — An attempted crusade led by European Christian forces to prevent Ottoman expansion was defeated at the Battle of Varna (modern-day Varna, Bulgaria), securing Ottoman dominance in the region. Islamic world
1444 CE (848 AH) Ottoman Empire: Victory at Varna — An attempted crusade led by European Christian forces to prevent Ottoman expansion was defeated at the Battle of Varna (modern-day Varna, Bulgaria), securing Ottoman dominance in the region. Islamic world
1445–1505 CE (849–911 AH) IMAM AS-SUYOOTI Islamic world scholar
1451 CE (855 AH) Ottoman Empire: Mehmed II Becomes Sultan — By the time Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, became the seventh Ottoman sultan, the Byzantine Empire consisted of little more than the city of Constantinople itself. Islamic world
1453 CE (857 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Constantinople — Under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, Ottoman forces laid siege to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) in April, cutting off the city's supply lines. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos resisted for nearly eight weeks before the Ottomans captured the city. The Byzantine Empire came to an end, and Constantinople became the new Ottoman capital. Islamic world
1453 CE (857 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Constantinople — Under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, Ottoman forces laid siege to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) in April, cutting off the city's supply lines. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos resisted for nearly eight weeks before the Ottomans captured the city. The Byzantine Empire came to an end, and Constantinople became the new Ottoman capital. Islamic world
1453 CE The Hundred Years War ends with France's recapture of Bordeaux from the English politics and war
1454 CE Gutenberg prints the first major book (Gutenberg Bible) using movable type Invention
1454 CE Gutenberg prints the first major book (Gutenberg Bible) using movable type Invention
1456 CE (860 AH) Ottoman Empire: Failed Siege of Belgrade — The failure of a siege by Sultan Mehmed II at Belgrade (modern-day Belgrade, Serbia) put a temporary halt to Ottoman advances into Hungary. Islamic world
1460 CE (865 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Morea — Having captured Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II dealt with the remaining fragments of the Byzantine Empire, capturing the Morea, also known as the Peloponnese (modern-day southern Greece), and consolidating Ottoman control in Greece. Islamic world
1460 CE (865 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Morea — Having captured Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II dealt with the remaining fragments of the Byzantine Empire, capturing the Morea, also known as the Peloponnese (modern-day southern Greece), and consolidating Ottoman control in Greece. Islamic world
1461 CE (866 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Trebizond — Ottoman forces under Sultan Mehmed II conquered the Empire of Trebizond (modern-day Trabzon, northeastern Turkey), a breakaway Byzantine region on the Black Sea coast, eliminating the last independent Greek state. Islamic world
1463 CE (868 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Bosnia — The defeat of the Kingdom of Bosnia by Ottoman forces under Sultan Mehmed II extended Ottoman control further into the Balkans, with resistance now confined to scattered fortresses and Venetian possessions along the Adriatic coast. Islamic world
1463 CE (868 AH) Ottoman Empire: Conquest of Bosnia — The defeat of the Kingdom of Bosnia by Ottoman forces under Sultan Mehmed II extended Ottoman control further into the Balkans, with resistance now confined to scattered fortresses and Venetian possessions along the Adriatic coast. Islamic world
1460–1481 CE (865–886 AH) Ottoman Empire: Consolidation Under Mehmed II — By the end of Sultan Mehmed II’s reign, the principalities of Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) and Moldavia (modern-day northeastern Romania and Republic of Moldova) had been reduced to vassal status, and Ottoman rule in the Balkans was firmly established, with resistance confined to a few scattered fortresses and Venetian possessions in Greece along the Adriatic coast. Islamic world
1480 CE Ivan III of Russia establishes the independence of Muscovy from the Mongols politics and war
1480 CE Ivan III of Russia establishes the independence of Muscovy from the Mongols politics and war
d. 1503 CE (909 AH) YUSUF BIN HASAN AL-HANBALI Islamic world scholar
1581 CE Netherlands: Declared independence from Spain (Act of Abjuration). Historically part of the Habsburg Netherlands; medieval Dutch counties and cities existed long before. Nation Formation
1581 CE Netherlands: Declared independence from Spain (Act of Abjuration). Historically part of the Habsburg Netherlands; medieval Dutch counties and cities existed long before. politics and war
1526–1585 CE (932–993 AH) Taqi al-Din: Engineering and Astronomy — Built one of the most advanced observatories of the age in Istanbul and developed precise clocks and instruments.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1526 CE Babur invades north India and establishes the Mughal Empire Islamic World Explore Mughal India +
1526 CE Babur invades north India and establishes the Mughal Empire Islamic World Explore Mughal India +
1547–1621 CE (954–1030 AH) Baha al-Din al-Amili: Mathematics and Astronomy — A prominent mathematician and astronomer who helped spread scientific knowledge across Persia and the Ottoman world.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1547–1621 CE (954–1030 AH) Baha al-Din al-Amili: Mathematics and Astronomy — A prominent mathematician and astronomer who helped spread scientific knowledge across Persia and the Ottoman world.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1600 CE Tokugawa Ieyasu wins the Battle of Sekigahara to complete the reunification of Japan politics and war
1607 CE The Dutch East India Company sets up a base on Ternate in the Moluccas trade
1609 CE Galileo makes pioneering telescope observations Science
1612 CE The English East India Company establishes a base at Surat, India trade
1612 CE The English East India Company establishes a base at Surat, India trade
1628 CE Shah Jahan is crowned emperor - the golden age of Mughal India begins islamic world Explore Mughal India +
1628 CE William Harvey publishes on the circulation of the blood Science
1628 CE William Harvey publishes on the circulation of the blood Science
d.1634 CE (1044 AH) IBN AL-TAHIR Islamic world scholar
1638 CE Portuguese and all other Europeans except the Dutch are expelled from Japan trade
1638 CE Portuguese and all other Europeans except the Dutch are expelled from Japan trade
1644 CE The Qing, incomers from Manchuria, overthrow the Ming to establish a new ruling dynasty in China politics and war Explore the Qing Dynasty +
1656 CE Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock invention
1656 CE Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock invention
1665 CE Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, advancing early microscopy Science
1666 CE (1077 AH) AL-BAABILI Islamic world scholar
1674 CE Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observes microorganisms in letters to the Royal Society Science
1674 CE Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observes microorganisms in letters to the Royal Society Science
1688-1768 CE (1099-1182 AH) IMAM AS-SAN'ANI Islamic world scholar
1688-1768 CE (1099-1182 AH) IMAM AS-SAN'ANI Islamic world scholar
1687 CE English mathematician Isaac Newton publishes the Principia, setting out laws of motion and gravity science
1690 CE The English East India Company acquires Fort William trade
1690 CE The English East India Company acquires Fort William trade
1692 CE The Edict of Toleration of Christianity is passed in China religion
1694 CE Bank of England is established, modeling future central banks Economy
1694 CE Bank of England is established, modeling future central banks Economy
1700 CE India, China, and Japan contribute roughly 50 percent of global GDP economy
1700 CE India, China, and Japan contribute roughly 50 percent of global GDP economy
1701-14 CE The War of Spanish Succession confirms the separation of the French and Spanish crowns and British control of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland politics and war
1703-1791 CE (1115-1206 AH) MUHAMMAD IBN ABD AL-WAHHAB Islamic world scholar
1707 CE United Kingdom: Created through the Acts of Union, formally uniting the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single sovereign state. The Kingdom of England was established in 927 CE and the Kingdom of Scotland in 843 CE. Nation Formation
1707 CE United Kingdom: Created through the Acts of Union, formally uniting the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single sovereign state. The Kingdom of England was established in 927 CE and the Kingdom of Scotland in 843 CE. Nation Formation
1712 CE Thomas Newcomen builds the first practical atmospheric steam engine Invention
1721 CE (1134 AH) ABDULLAH IBN SALIM AL-BASRI Islamic world scholar
d.1721 CE (1134 AH) ABDULLAH IBN SALIM AL-BASRI Islamic world scholar
1735 CE British clockmaker John Harrison completes his first marine chronometer, greatly improving the accuracy of navigation invenition
1735 CE British clockmaker John Harrison completes his first marine chronometer, greatly improving the accuracy of navigation invention
1750 CE Global population ≈ 715 million, concentrated in South & East Asia Population
1751 CE Denis Diderot publishes the first volume of his Encyclopédie culture
1751 CE Denis Diderot publishes the first volume of his Encyclopédie culture
1760-1834 CE (1173-1250 AH) ASH-SHAWKANI Islamic world scholar
1769 CE James Watt patents the separate-condenser steam engine improvement Invention
1769 CE James Watt patents the separate-condenser steam engine improvement Invention
1771 CE In Britain, Richard Arkwright opens the first modern factory using spinning machines powered by water Technology
1774 CE (1188 AH) AL-SAFA'I Islamic world scholar
d.1774 CE (1188 AH) AS-SAFAAREENI Islamic world scholar
1776 CE Continental Congress opens U.S. ports to foreign trade Trade
1776 CE Continental Congress opens U.S. ports to foreign trade Trade
1820 CE Global GDP reaches c.$ 700 billion (as calculated in 1990 terms) economy
1822 CE Brazil declares independence from Portugal, and Ecuador gains independence from Spain politics and war
1822 CE Brazil declares independence from Portugal, and Ecuador gains independence from Spain politics and war
1826 CE Joseph Nicéphore Niépce produces the first permanent photograph Invention
1830 CE Belgium: Gained independence from the Netherlands following the Belgian Revolution. Previously part of the Southern Netherlands under Spanish, Austrian, and French rule before incorporation into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. Nation Formation
1830 CE Belgium: Gained independence from the Netherlands following the Belgian Revolution. Previously part of the Southern Netherlands under Spanish, Austrian, and French rule before incorporation into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. Nation Formation
1830 CE Greece: Recognised as independent from the Ottoman Empire following the Greek War of Independence. Ancient Greek city-states flourished from the 8th century BCE; the region later became part of the Byzantine Empire and subsequently fell under Ottoman rule from the 15th century.
Nation Formation
1830 CE The genocide of Tasmanian Aboriginal people leads to the near-extinction of the community Population
1830 CE The genocide of Tasmanian Aboriginal people leads to the near-extinction of the community Population
1830 CE George Stephenson's Rocket engine pulls the first passengers along England's Liverpool and Manchester Railway Technology
1837 CE Charles Babbage designs the Analytical Engine, an early concept of a programmable computer Technology
1837 CE Charles Babbage designs the Analytical Engine, an early concept of a programmable computer Technology
1839 CE Luxembourg: Full independence recognised in the Treaty of London, establishing it as a sovereign grand duchy. The County of Luxembourg was founded in 963 CE and became a significant medieval territory within the Holy Roman Empire. Nation Formation
1839 CE Luxembourg: Full independence recognised in the Treaty of London, establishing it as a sovereign grand duchy. The County of Luxembourg was founded in 963 CE and became a significant medieval territory within the Holy Roman Empire. politics and war
1844 CE Samuel Morse sends the first telegraph message (Washington, DC to Baltimore) Technology
1844 CE Samuel Morse sends the first telegraph message (Washington, DC to Baltimore) Technology
1848 CE London becomes the world’s largest city; population surges toward 2.7 million Population
1849–1852 CE Britain annexes Punjab (1849) and Lower Burma (1852); Upper Burma is annexed in 1885 Politics and war
1849–1852 CE Britain annexes Punjab (1849) and Lower Burma (1852); Upper Burma is annexed in 1885 Politics and war
1859–1867 CE France expands in Southeast Asia: Saigon captured, Cambodia protectorate, Cochinchina consolidated Politics and war
1859 CE Romania: Formed through the union of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia under a single ruler, marking the foundation of the modern Romanian state. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was internationally recognized in 1878. The region originated as medieval principalities in the 14th century.
Nation Formation
1859 CE Romania: Formed through the union of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia under a single ruler, marking the foundation of the modern Romanian state. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was internationally recognized in 1878. The region originated as medieval principalities in the 14th century.
Nation Formation
1861 CE Italy: Proclaimed as the Kingdom of Italy during the Risorgimento, uniting regional states under one monarchy. Preceded by numerous Italian states and the Roman Empire.
Nation Formation
1861 CE Italy: Proclaimed as the Kingdom of Italy during the Risorgimento, uniting regional states under one monarchy. Preceded by numerous Italian states and the Roman Empire.
Nation Formation
1861 CE James Maxwell formulates equations of electromagnetism Science
1864–1870 CE Paraguayan War: Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay defeat Paraguay (War of the Triple Alliance) Politics and war
1864–1870 CE Paraguayan War: Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay defeat Paraguay (War of the Triple Alliance) Politics and war
1869 CE U.S. Transcontinental Railroad completed (Golden Spike, Promontory Summit) Technology
1869 CE U.S. Transcontinental Railroad completed (Golden Spike, Promontory Summit) Technology
1869 CE Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of the elements Science
1869 CE Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the periodic table of the elements Science
1871 CE Germany: Unified under Prussian leadership, forming the German Empire. Preceded by the Holy Roman Empire (962) and the German Confederation.
Nation Formation
1871 CE Germany: Unified under Prussian leadership, forming the German Empire. Preceded by the Holy Roman Empire (962) and the German Confederation.
Nation Formation
1876 CE Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India Politics and war
1876 CE Leopold II begins Congo initiatives, foreshadowing the Scramble for Africa (Berlin Conference 1884–85) Politics and war
1876 CE Leopold II begins Congo initiatives, foreshadowing the Scramble for Africa (Berlin Conference 1884–85) Politics and war
1876 CE Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone Invention
1879 CE Thomas Edison invents the first commercially practical electric light bulb Invention
1879 CE Thomas Edison invents the first commercially practical electric light bulb Invention
1884–1899 CE Germany establishes and consolidates German New Guinea in the Pacific Politics and war
1884–1886 CE Germany acquires SW Africa, Togo, Cameroon; agrees with Britain on spheres in East Africa Politics and war
1884–1886 CE Germany acquires SW Africa, Togo, Cameroon; agrees with Britain on spheres in East Africa Politics and war
1895 CE Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays Science
1889-1956 CE (1307-1376 AH) SHAYKH ABDURRAHMAN IBN NASIR AL-SA'DI Islamic world scholar
1889-1956 CE (1307-1376 AH) SHAYKH ABDURRAHMAN IBN NASIR AL-SA'DI Islamic world scholar
1889–1896 CE Italy establishes Eritrea; defeated by Menelik II at the Battle of Adwa (1896) Politics and war
1892-1996 CE (1310-1416 AH) BADI AD-DIN AR-RASHIDI Islamic world scholar
1894–1895 CE Japan defeats Qing China; gains Taiwan; Liaodong briefly ceded then returned (Triple Intervention) Politics and war
1894–1895 CE Japan defeats Qing China; gains Taiwan; Liaodong briefly ceded then returned (Triple Intervention) Politics and war
1895 CE France forms the federation of French West Africa (eight territories) Politics and war
1895–1898 CE Venezuela–British Guiana border crisis prompts U.S. intervention and arbitration (Monroe Doctrine) Politics and war
1895–1898 CE Venezuela–British Guiana border crisis prompts U.S. intervention and arbitration (Monroe Doctrine) Politics and war
1897-1969 CE (1315-1389 AH) ABDULLAH AL-QAR'AAWI Islamic world scholar
1898 CE U.S. victory over Spain brings control over Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines; Cuba under U.S. influence Politics and war
1899–1902 CE Second Anglo–Boer War: Britain secures control of South Africa (Union formed 1910) Politics and war
1899–1902 CE Second Anglo–Boer War: Britain secures control of South Africa (Union formed 1910) Politics and war
d. 1902 CE (1320 AH) MUHAMMAD ASHIR AS-SA'SAWANI Islamic world scholar
1904–1905 CE Japan defeats Russia in the Russo–Japanese War (Treaty of Portsmouth) Politics and war
December 1903 CE Wilbur and Orville Wright achieve the first sustained powered flight in an aeroplane Technology
December 1903 CE Wilbur and Orville Wright achieve the first sustained powered flight in an aeroplane Technology
1905 CE Albert Einstein publishes the Special Theory of Relativity Science
1905 CE Albert Einstein publishes the Special Theory of Relativity Science
October 1908 CE The Model T Ford, the first widely affordable car, enters production Technology
1908 CE Bulgaria: Declared full independence from the Ottoman Empire, becoming a kingdom. Preceded by the First Bulgarian Empire (681) and centuries of Ottoman rule.
Nation Formation
1910 CE Japan formally annexes Korea, consolidating its influence in East Asia Politics and war
1912–1913 CE The Balkan states fight against the Ottoman Empire Explore the Balkan Wars + Politics and war
1912 CE Albania: Declared independence from the Ottoman Empire, establishing a sovereign state. Preceded by Illyrian and medieval Albanian principalities.
Nation Formation
1912 CE Albania: Declared independence from the Ottoman Empire, establishing a sovereign state. Preceded by Illyrian and medieval Albanian principalities.
Nation Formation
1912-1999 CE (1330-1420 AH) ABDUL AZIZ IBN BAZ Islamic world scholar
1912-1999 CE (1330-1420 AH) ABDUL AZIZ IBN BAZ Islamic world scholar
1912-1999 CE (1333-1420 AH) MUHAMMAD NASIR AL-ALBANI Islamic world scholar
1913 CE Henry Ford introduces the moving assembly line, transforming industrial production Technology
1913 CE Henry Ford introduces the moving assembly line, transforming industrial production Technology
1914 CE Japan joins the First World War on the side of Britain and the Allies World War I
June 1914 CE Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, triggering the First World War World War I Explore World War I +
June 1914 CE Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, triggering the First World War World War I Explore World War I +
1917 CE The Russian Revolution sees the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and, later that year, the Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd, establishing the world’s first communist state Politics and war Explore the Russian Revolution +
1917 CE The Russian Revolution sees the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and, later that year, the Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd, establishing the world’s first communist state Politics and war Explore the Russian Revolution +
1917–1922 CE The Russian Civil War pits the Bolshevik Red Army against anti-Bolshevik White forces. The Bolsheviks secure victory, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union Politics and war Explore the Russian Revolution +
1917 CE Finland: Declared independence from Russia amid the Russian Revolution. Previously part of Sweden from the 12th century and the Russian Empire from 1809.
Nation Formation
1917 CE Finland: Declared independence from Russia amid the Russian Revolution. Previously part of Sweden from the 12th century and the Russian Empire from 1809.
Nation Formation
1917–1918 CE The United States intervenes in the First World War World War I Explore World War I +
November 1918 CE Germany signs the armistice that ends the First World War World War I Explore World War I +
November 1918 CE Germany signs the armistice that ends the First World War World War I Explore World War I +
1918 CE Estonia: Declared independence from Russia amid the collapse of the Russian Empire. Independence restored in 1991 after the Soviet period. Preceded by medieval Livonian territories.
Nation Formation
1918 CE Latvia: Declared independence from Russia as World War I ended. Independence restored in 1991. Preceded by historical Livonia and Courland.
Nation Formation
1918 CE Latvia: Declared independence from Russia as World War I ended. Independence restored in 1991. Preceded by historical Livonia and Courland.
Nation Formation
1918 CE Lithuania: Declared independence from Russia and Germany following World War I. Restored independence in 1990–91. Preceded by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236).
Nation Formation
1918 CE Poland: Re-established as the Second Polish Republic after partitions by neighboring powers. Preceded by the Kingdom of Poland (966) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).
Nation Formation
1918 CE Poland: Re-established as the Second Polish Republic after partitions by neighboring powers. Preceded by the Kingdom of Poland (966) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).
Nation Formation
1918 CE Hungary: Became independent following the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. Preceded by the Kingdom of Hungary (founded 1000).
Nation Formation
1918–1919 CE The influenza pandemic causes tens of millions of deaths worldwide Environment
1920–1933 CE Prohibition in the United States bans the sale and manufacture of alcoholic drinks Culture
1920–1933 CE Prohibition in the United States bans the sale and manufacture of alcoholic drinks Culture
1922 CE Ireland: Gained independence as the Irish Free State following the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Preceded by ancient Gaelic kingdoms and centuries of English/British rule.
Nation Formation
1922 CE Ireland: Gained independence as the Irish Free State following the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Preceded by ancient Gaelic kingdoms and centuries of English/British rule.
Nation Formation
December 1922 CE The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is established Politics and war
1924-1958 CE (1342-1377 AH) AL-HUKAMI Islamic world scholar
1924-1958 CE (1342-1377 AH) AL-HUKAMI Islamic world scholar
1925-2001 CE (1347-1421 AH) MUHAMMAD IBN SALIH AL-UTHAYMEEN Islamic world scholar
1926–1996 CE (1345–1417 AH) Abdus Salam: Nobel Laureate in Physics — Pakistani physicist awarded the Nobel Prize (1979) for electroweak theory, a foundation of modern particle physics.
science islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1927 CE Civil war begins in China between Nationalist and Communist forces Politics and war
1927 CE Civil war begins in China between Nationalist and Communist forces Politics and war
1928 CE Alexander Fleming observes penicillin’s antibacterial effects Science
October 1929 CE The Wall Street stock market crashes; millions lose their jobs in the following years Economy Explore the Great Depression +
1929 CE Vatican City: Created as an independent state through the Lateran Treaty with Italy. Successor to the Papal States established from the 8th century onwards.
Nation Formation
1929 CE Vatican City: Created as an independent state through the Lateran Treaty with Italy. Successor to the Papal States established from the 8th century onwards.
Nation Formation
1930-1996 CE (1349-1416 AH) ABU AHMAD MUHAMMAD AMAN AL-JAMI' Islamic world scholar
1930-1996 CE (1349-1416 AH) ABU AHMAD MUHAMMAD AMAN AL-JAMI' Islamic world scholar
1931 CE (1352 AH) ABDUL MUHSIN IBN HAMAD AL-ABBAD Islamic world scholar
1931 CE (1352 AH) RABI' IBN HADI AL-MADKHALI Islamic world scholar
1931 CE (1352 AH) RABI' IBN HADI AL-MADKHALI Islamic world scholar
September 1931 CE Japan invades Manchuria, strengthening its position in northern China Politics and war
September 1931 CE Japan invades Manchuria, strengthening its position in northern China Politics and war
January 1933 CE Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany Politics and war
1935-2001 CE (1356-1422 AH) MUQBIL IBN HADI AL-WADI'I Islamic world scholar
1937 CE Japan extends its control in China, capturing Shanghai, Beijing and Nanjing Politics and war
1937 CE Japan extends its control in China, capturing Shanghai, Beijing and Nanjing Politics and war
December 1937 CE During the conflict in Nanjing, large-scale civilian killings and atrocities take place Politics and war
1938-2022 CE (1357-1444 AH) UBAYD IBN ABDULLAH AL-JABIRI Islamic world scholar
1938-2022 CE (1357-1444 AH) UBAYD IBN ABDULLAH AL-JABIRI Islamic world scholar
1939 CE Nuclear fission is first demonstrated in Berlin by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann Science
1939 CE Nuclear fission is first demonstrated in Berlin by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann Science
September 1939 CE Germany invades Poland; Britain and France declare war, marking the start of the Second World War World War II
September 1939 CE Germany invades Poland; Britain and France declare war, marking the start of the Second World War World War II
August–September 1940 CE The Battle of Britain sees German air assaults repelled; invasion plans abandoned World War II
December 1941 CE Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; the United States enters the war World War II
December 1941 CE Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; the United States enters the war World War II
June 1944 CE Allied forces land in Normandy on D-Day, leading to the liberation of France World War II
1944 CE Iceland: Declared full independence from Denmark during World War II. Founded as a commonwealth in 930 with the Althing.
Nation Formation
1945 CE Germany surrenders on V-E Day in May; Japan surrenders on V-J Day in August after atomic bombings World War II
1945 CE Germany surrenders on V-E Day in May; Japan surrenders on V-J Day in August after atomic bombings World War II
1946–2016 CE (1365–1437 AH) Ahmed Zewail: Nobel Laureate in Chemistry — Egyptian-American chemist awarded the Nobel Prize (1999) for pioneering femtochemistry, allowing observation of chemical reactions in real time.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1946–2016 CE (1365–1437 AH) Ahmed Zewail: Nobel Laureate in Chemistry — Egyptian-American chemist awarded the Nobel Prize (1999) for pioneering femtochemistry, allowing observation of chemical reactions in real time.
invention islamic World Explore Islamic Scientists +
1947 CE The transistor is invented, transforming electronics Invention
4 April 1949 CE NATO is formed between the US and other Western nations Politics and war
29 August 1949 CE The Soviet Union tests its first nuclear bomb, escalating the arms race Technology
29 August 1949 CE The Soviet Union tests its first nuclear bomb, escalating the arms race Technology
24 June 1950 CE The Korean War begins as North Korea invades the South with support from Stalin Politics and war
1953 CE The double-helix structure of DNA is described Science
1953 CE The double-helix structure of DNA is described Science
1955 CE Austria: Regained sovereignty through the Austrian State Treaty and declared neutrality. Duchy of Austria since 976; historic center of the Habsburg Empire.
Nation Formation
1955 CE Austria: Regained sovereignty through the Austrian State Treaty and declared neutrality. Duchy of Austria since 976; historic center of the Habsburg Empire.
Nation Formation
1960 CE Cyprus: Gained independence from the United Kingdom. Ancient Greek and Byzantine heritage followed by Ottoman and British rule.
Nation Formation
1960s CE World population reaches approximately 3 billion Population
1960s CE World population reaches approximately 3 billion Population
13 August 1961 CE The Berlin Wall begins construction, dividing East and West Berlin Politics and war
1962 CE Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, linking pesticides to health and environmental damage Environment
1962 CE Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, linking pesticides to health and environmental damage Environment
16 October 1962 CE The Cuban Missile Crisis brings the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear conflict Politics and war
1964 CE Malta: Gained independence from the United Kingdom. Previously under the Knights Hospitaller (1530–1798) and then British rule.
Nation Formation
1964 CE Malta: Gained independence from the United Kingdom. Previously under the Knights Hospitaller (1530–1798) and then British rule.
Nation Formation
18 March 1965 CE Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov performs the first spacewalk Science
18 March 1965 CE Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov performs the first spacewalk Science
1 July 1968 CE The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is signed, committing nuclear powers to disarmament goals Politics and war
20 July 1969 CE Neil Armstrong becomes the first human to walk on the Moon Science
20 July 1969 CE Neil Armstrong becomes the first human to walk on the Moon Science
1971 CE The first commercial microprocessor is introduced Technology
1973–1974 CE The global oil crisis sparks recession and major changes in energy policies Economy
1975 CE Early personal computers appear for hobbyists, initiating the PC era Technology
1975 CE Early personal computers appear for hobbyists, initiating the PC era Technology
1975 CE France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Britain and the US form the Group of Six (G6) to coordinate international economic policy Economy
1975 CE France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Britain and the US form the Group of Six (G6) to coordinate international economic policy Economy
1979 CE The first World Climate Conference is held in Geneva, recognising climate change as a global issue Environment
1989 CE The World Wide Web is proposed at CERN, enabling the modern internet’s growth Technology
3 October 1990 CE East and West Germany are reunified after four decades of division Civilisation
3 October 1990 CE East and West Germany are reunified after four decades of division Civilisation
1997 CE The Kyoto Protocol is adopted, committing industrialised nations to reduce carbon emissions (2008–2012 targets) Environment
1997 CE The Kyoto Protocol is adopted, committing industrialised nations to reduce carbon emissions (2008–2012 targets) Environment
2003 CE The Human Genome Project is declared complete Science
3 October 1990 CE East and West Germany are reunified after four decades of division Civilisation
1991 CE Russia: Established as the Russian Federation following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Preceded by Kievan Rus’ (862), the Tsardom (1547), the Russian Empire (1721), and the USSR (1922).
Nation Formation
1991 CE Ukraine: Declared independence from the Soviet Union following a national referendum. Preceded by Kievan Rus’, the Cossack Hetmanate (17th century), and the USSR period.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Ukraine: Declared independence from the Soviet Union following a national referendum. Preceded by Kievan Rus’, the Cossack Hetmanate (17th century), and the USSR period.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Belarus: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the USSR period.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Moldova: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by the Principality of Moldavia (14th century) and incorporation into the USSR as the Moldavian SSR.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Moldova: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by the Principality of Moldavia (14th century) and incorporation into the USSR as the Moldavian SSR.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Georgia: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by the Kingdom of Georgia (1008) and periods of Ottoman, Persian, and Russian control.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Armenia: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by the Kingdom of Urartu (9th century BCE), the Kingdom of Armenia (331 BCE), and the USSR period.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Armenia: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by the Kingdom of Urartu (9th century BCE), the Kingdom of Armenia (331 BCE), and the USSR period.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Azerbaijan: Declared independence from the Soviet Union. Preceded by ancient Caucasian Albania, Persian empires, a brief 1918–1920 republic, and the USSR period.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Slovenia: Declared independence from Yugoslavia. Historically part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Slovenia: Declared independence from Yugoslavia. Historically part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.
Nation Formation
1991 CE Croatia: Declared independence from Yugoslavia; internationally recognized in 1992. Preceded by the medieval Kingdom of Croatia (925).
Nation Formation
1991 CE North Macedonia: Declared independence from Yugoslavia. Preceded by ancient Macedon and later Slavic settlement from the 6th century.
Nation Formation
1991 CE North Macedonia: Declared independence from Yugoslavia. Preceded by ancient Macedon and later Slavic settlement from the 6th century.
Nation Formation
1992 CE Bosnia: Declared independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia. Preceded by the medieval Bosnian Banate and Kingdom.
Nation Formation
1992 CE At the Rio Earth Summit, governments adopt the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Environment
1993 CE Czech Republic: Formed after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia (the Velvet Divorce). Preceded by the Kingdom of Bohemia (9th century).
Nation Formation
1993 CE Czech Republic: Formed after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia (the Velvet Divorce). Preceded by the Kingdom of Bohemia (9th century).
Nation Formation
1993 CE Slovakia: Became independent after the Velvet Divorce, peacefully separating from the Czech Republic. Preceded by Great Moravia (9th century) and later Czechoslovakia.
Nation Formation
1997 CE The Kyoto Protocol is adopted, committing industrialised nations to reduce carbon emissions (2008–2012 targets) Environment
2006 CE Montenegro: Declared independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Historic principality and kingdom; international recognition in 1878.
Nation Formation
2006 CE Montenegro: Declared independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Historic principality and kingdom; international recognition in 1878.
Nation Formation
2006 CE Serbia: Became independent after the State Union with Montenegro ended. Preceded by a medieval Serbian kingdom and empire (12th–14th centuries) and the Yugoslav period.
Nation Formation
2008 CE Kosovo (partially recognized): Declared independence from Serbia. Historically part of medieval Serbia and later the Ottoman Empire; 20th-century Yugoslav period.
Nation Formation
2008 CE Kosovo (partially recognized): Declared independence from Serbia. Historically part of medieval Serbia and later the Ottoman Empire; 20th-century Yugoslav period.
Nation Formation
